宋圭武：中国历史演进存在双紧规律

中国历史演进存在双紧规律。

所谓双紧规律，就是制度与文化在历史过程中呈现双紧特征。具体表现：制度对人的约束在历史演进中越来越集权化；文化对人的约束在历史演进中越来越禁锢化。

为什么会产生双紧规律，文化缺乏敬畏意识很关键。从中国社会历史看，从商到周，发生了一次大的文化精神转型。商代是“祭祀文化”，周代是“礼乐文化”。“祭祀文化”更注重超越界，而“礼乐文化”更注重世俗性。“祭祀文化”由于更看重超越界，所以其所体现的约束更偏向人的内在自觉。而“礼乐文化”由于更看重世俗人的行为规范，所以其所体现的约束则更偏向于人的外在形式。从“祭祀文化”转向“礼乐文化”，也就使国人的约束从内在转向了外在。

由于约束从内在转向了外在，这必将导致制度选择的不同。由于缺乏内在约束，只有外在约束，为了加强约束的效力，这就必然客观上需要强化世俗权力的约束。

同时，儒家文化自身也在不断收紧对人性的约束，实现对人性的严厉禁锢，以至于甚至反人性。董仲舒提出三纲五常，是儒家文化对人性的一次禁锢化改造；宋明理学倡导存天理灭人欲，是儒家文化对人性的又一次禁锢化改造。

但双紧并没有解决中国社会的人性约束问题。双紧的一个显著标志是女性缠足的普遍化。女性缠足是世俗权力集中与缺乏内在自觉文化互相缠绵演绎而形成的一个历史身体怪胎。在这个怪胎身上，既体现了世俗权力以强者为主导的印记，也呈现了弱者生存的悲惨。

另外，由于缺乏内在约束，礼文化自身也不断面子化，最后，面子成了最后的约束，面子文化大行其道。另外，在社会缺乏内在约束的情况下，家族文化和血缘文化也容易盛行。因为在秩序缺乏情况下，家族和血缘既提供了一种保护功能，也对超越界的缺乏起到一种替代作用。

恩格斯指出：文化上的每一进步，都是迈向自由的一步。中国社会要走出双紧规律，需要努力建设自觉文化，核心是文化要确立敬畏意识。敬畏意识是实现人格自觉的重要保障，而人格自觉是文化自觉的终极。

文化的改造是一个渐变的过程，且是一个艰难的过程，所以，中国的现代化将是一个长期过程，也将是一个艰巨的过程。

作者：甘肃省委党校教授

Song Guiwu     There exists a double-tight law in the evolution of Chinese history

The so-called double-tight law is that the system and culture present a double-tight feature in the historical process.The specific performance is as follows: the system's constraint on people is becoming more and more centralized in the historical evolution;the culture's constraint on people is becoming more and more imprisoned in the historical evolution.Why there is a double-tight law, the lack of reverence consciousness is the key.From the perspective of Chinese social history, a great cultural and spiritual transformation occurred from the Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty.The Shang Dynasty was "sacrificial culture", and the Zhou Dynasty was "rites and music culture".The "sacrificial culture" paid more attention to transcendence, while the "rites and music culture" paid more attention to secularity.Because the "sacrificial culture" paid more attention to transcendence, the constraints reflected in it were more inclined to the internal consciousness of people.Because the "rites and music culture" paid more attention to the behavior norms of secular people, the constraints reflected in it were more inclined to the external form of people.The shift from "sacrificial culture" to "rites and music culture" also made the people's constraints shift from internal to external.Because the constraints shifted from internal to external, it will lead to different system choices.Because there is no internal constraint but only external constraint, in order to strengthen the effectiveness of the constraints, it is necessary to strengthen the constraints of secular power objectively. At the same time, Confucian culture itself is also constantly tightening the constraints on human nature, realizing the strict imprisonment of human nature, even anti-humanity.Dong Zhongshu put forward the three principles and five constants, which is a prison transformation of Confucian culture on human nature;the Neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming advocated the existence of heaven and reason to extinguish human desire, which is another prison transformation of Confucian culture on human nature.But the double tightness has not solved the problem of human nature constraints in Chinese society.A significant sign of the double tightness is the universalization of female foot binding.Female foot binding is a historical body freak formed by the mutual lingering deduction of secular power concentration and the lack of internal conscious culture.In this freak, it not only reflects the imprint of secular power dominated by the strong, but also presents the misery of the weak.In addition, due to the lack of internal constraints, the ritual culture itself is constantly faced with face. Finally, face becomes the last constraint, and the face culture prevails.In addition, in the case of the lack of internal constraints in society, family culture and blood culture are also easy to prevail.Because in the case of the lack of order, family and blood not only provide a protective function, but also play a substitute role for the lack of transcendence. Engels pointed out: every cultural progress is a step towards freedom.To get out of the double tightness law, Chinese society needs to strive to build a conscious culture, the core of which is to establish the consciousness of awe. The consciousness of reverence is an important guarantee for the realization of personal consciousness, which is the ultimate of cultural consciousness. The transformation of culture is a gradual process, and it is a difficult process. Therefore, China's modernization will be a long process, and it will be a difficult process.