宋圭武观点32：嫉妒现象的经济学分析　　

下面本人从经济学角度对嫉妒现象进行一些分析，供大家参考娱乐。

嫉妒是人类社会的一种普遍现象。赫•舍克在《嫉妒与社会》一书中写道：“在各个不同的历史时代，在所有的文化发展阶段，在大多数的语言里，并且作为相互有很大差别的社会里的成员，人类已经认识到了他们生存当中的一项重要问题，并且把它作为有些特殊的事物强调出来，这就是嫉妒和遭到嫉妒的感觉。”

什么是嫉妒？朱贤智主编的《心理学大词典》，对嫉妒所下的定义是：“与他人比较，发现自己在才能、名誉、地位或境遇等方面不如别人而产生的一种由羞愧、愤怒、怨恨等组成的复杂情绪状态。”罗尔斯在《正义论》中写道：“这样我们可以把妒忌看作带着敌意去看待他人较大的善------即使是他们的较我们幸运并不减损我们的利益------的倾向。”黑格尔说：嫉妒便是平庸的情调对于卓越的才能达到反感。但丁说：嫉妒是人类七种致命的罪恶之一。康德说：嫉妒是憎恶人类的恶习。培根说：在人类的各种情欲中，有两种最为惑人心智，这就是爱情与嫉妒；嫉妒能把凶险和灾难投射到它的眼光所注目的地方。法国作家拉罗会弗科也曾说过：嫉妒是万恶之源，嫉妒的人不会有丝毫同情。嫉妒者爱己胜于爱人。嫉妒在经济理论中的定义主要是由费尔德曼，柯曼和瓦里安分头开创的。考虑任何一种分配形式，把n件产品分配给m个人中的每一个人。假定这些人都有特定的偏好。这时，所谓甲嫉妒乙，用文字表述，就是甲对乙的分配状况的喜爱甚于对他自己的分配状况的喜爱。

嫉妒的产生，有着深刻的经济学根源。

利己特性是产生嫉妒现象的人性前提。一般而言，越是自私的人，其嫉妒的心态会越重。

资源稀缺性是产生嫉妒现象的资源前提。嫉妒心理实质也是一种在资源稀缺状态下人的恐惧心理的一种表现。假如资源不是稀缺的，人们也就用不着去嫉妒，因为别人拥有的资源我也可以照样拥有。

不确定性是产生嫉妒的知识前提。不确定性也衍生恐惧意识。嫉妒是对潜在威胁感的一种本能恐惧表现，尽管这种威胁并不一定是真实的。嫉妒者总是惯于幸灾乐祸。赫•舍克在《嫉妒与社会》一书中写道：“这种人正由于他不能忍受别人占有这些事物，所以当他看到别人遭到毁灭的时候，便感到心满意足；尽管他本人并不能由此而得到好处，但仍然是高兴的。”

制度不完善是产生嫉妒的制度前提。制度的不公平更容易催生人们的嫉妒心理。

不同的偏好将导致不同的嫉妒心态。有些人更注重绝对效用，有些人更注重相对效用。由于嫉妒是由比较而产生的，所以更注重相对效用的人就会表现出一种更强的嫉妒倾向。

社会经济距离与嫉妒成正比。所谓社会经济距离，就是指一个人与另一个人在社会经济交往中所表现出的密切程度。社会经济距离越近，竞争的相关性就会增大，利益的联系程度就会增加。所谓同行容易产生嫉妒，实质反映的就是这种情况。文人相轻也是这种情况的一种表现。在现实中，为什么会产生“墙内开花墙外红”现象？这也与嫉妒与社会经济距离成正比有关。

从嫉妒产生的原因中，我们可以看出，人类社会要完全绝对消除嫉妒是不大可能的。但人类社会可以将嫉妒限制在最小范围内，使其对社会经济的影响最小化。一是要加强教育，培养健全人格。二是要建立更加公平，更加法治和更加民主以及更加公开透明的社会制度体系。

好，谢谢，谢谢

Song Guiwu view 32: An economic analysis of envy

The following is my analysis of the phenomenon of envy from the perspective of economics, for your reference and entertainment. Envy is a common phenomenon in human society.H. Schake wrote in his book Envy and Society: "In different historical eras, in all stages of cultural development, in most languages, and as members of very different societies, human beings have recognized an important issue in their existence and emphasized it as something special, which is envy and the feeling of being envied." What is envy?The Dictionary of Psychology, edited by Zhu Xianzhi, defines envy as: "A complex emotional state consisting of shame, anger, resentment and so on, caused by the discovery that one is inferior to others in talent, fame, status or circumstances." Rawls wrote in his "Theory of Justice": "We can thus regard envy as the tendency to look with hostility on the greater good of others, even if their luckier than ours does not detract from our interests." Hegel said: envy is the mediocre sentiment to the superior talent.Dante said: envy is one of the seven deadly sins of mankind.Kant said: envy is the vice of hating mankind. Bacon said: in all kinds of human passion, there are two most confusing mind, this is love and envy;envy can be dangerous and disaster projected to its eyes focused place.French writer La Rochefoucauld also said: envy is the root of all evil, the envious people will not have the slightest sympathy.The envious love themselves more than love.The definition of envy in economic theory is mainly created by Feldman, Coleman and Varian separately.Consider any kind of distribution form, the distribution of n products to each of m people.Assume that these people have specific preferences.At this time, the so-called a envy B, with the word, is a B's distribution of the love of the distribution of his own love.The production of envy, has a deep economic roots.Self-interest characteristics is the production of envy phenomenon of human premise.In general, the more selfish people, the more serious the mentality of envy.Resource scarcity is the production of envy phenomenon of resource premise.The essence of envy is also a kind of fear in the state of scarce resources of a performance.If the resources are not scarce, people do not need to envy, because others have the resources I can still have.Uncertainty is the production of envy knowledge premise.Uncertainty also derives fear consciousness. Envy is an instinctive fear of a potential threat, even if the threat is not necessarily real.Envious people are always gloating over others' misfortune.H. Sherk wrote in Envy and Society: "This person, precisely because he cannot bear to see others possess these things, feels satisfied when he sees others destroyed;even though he himself cannot benefit from it, he is still happy." The imperfect system is the institutional premise for envy.The inequality of the system is more likely to promote people's envy. Different preferences will lead to different attitudes of envy.Some people pay more attention to absolute utility, while others pay more attention to relative utility.Since envy is generated by comparison, people who pay more attention to relative utility will show a stronger tendency to envy. Socio-economic distance is proportional to envy.The so-called socio-economic distance refers to the closeness of one person with another person in socio-economic interaction.The closer the socio-economic distance is, the greater the relevance of competition will be, and the degree of interest linkage will increase.The so-called peer envy is easy to produce, which essentially reflects this situation.The lack of respect for scholars is also a manifestation of this situation.In reality, why does the phenomenon of "blooming within the wall and red outside the wall" occur? This is also related to the direct proportion of envy and socioeconomic distance.From the causes of envy, we can see that it is impossible for human society to completely eliminate envy.But human society can limit envy to the minimum range, so as to minimize its impact on socio-economic.One is to strengthen education, cultivate sound personality.The second is to establish a more fair, more rule of law and more democratic and more open and transparent social system.OK, thank you, thank you.