宋圭武观点130：美感根源的另类思考

柏拉图把美感的根源归于理念，阿奎那把它归于心智，夏夫兹博里把它归于心的造型力量，休谟认为，美不在外物而在人心中，它根源于人类心智的特定结构。另外，康德、费尔巴哈、车尔尼雪夫斯基、马克思、普列汉诺夫等都对美感根源进行了分析。中国学者吕荧、李泽厚等，也提出了自己的看法。

下面谈谈自己不同于上述关于美感根源的一些看法，供大家参考。本人认为，美感产生的根源是因为某存在物为主体的存在提供了一种有利于生长的意义，所以，主体对某存在物感觉到美。主体为什么会对某存在物为其提供有利于生长的意义就感到美，这应是生物进化的一种本能选择。

对人而言，主要有两种形式的存在。一种是自然形式的存在；一种是社会形式的存在。一个存在物要满足人的自然形式的存在，主要要符合安全性、舒适性、有利于生长性等特点。在汉字中，美就是羊大，为什么羊大为美，是因为大大的羊为人的自然存在提供了意义。羊越大，人就越不容易饿死，自然羊越美。美在这里实际体现的是一种有利于生存或生长的意义。一个存在物要满足人的社会形式的存在，主要看是否能给人带来社会地位的提升，包括尊重程度的提高、自我价值的充分实现等。

另外，满足人的自然形式存在意义的美感规律与满足人的社会形式存在的美感规律有不同要求。因为人的社会形式的存在，其美感要求与后天实践有紧密关系。

按照弗洛伊德的理论，人的自然形式的存在在潜意识层面有两种本能形式：毁灭的本能和生长的本能。毁灭的本能是向外的，是希望别人毁灭，生长的本能是向内的，是希望自己生长。据此可以解释悲剧美感的根源。悲剧的美感是因为悲剧满足了人的一种毁灭本能感，是对别人美好的毁灭的一种潜意识愉悦感。由于这种毁灭没有发生在他身上，他才可能产生美感，假如悲剧发生在他身上，悲剧对他而言，绝不会有美感的。对他而言，符合自己生长原则的存在才可能带来美感。

滑稽剧的美感在于滑稽演员为观众提供了一种满足存在本能的愉悦感。滑稽让观众感觉“我”的存在显得不滑稽，从而通过滑稽行为让观众的自我生长本能得到了一种通过比较而产生的优越感和成就感或意义感。

由于要实现存在的意义，满足欲望必不可少，所以，美与欲望相联系。当事物顺着欲望时，会更多给人以美感，当事物逆着欲望时，会更多给人以恶感。

愉悦感不是美感的源泉，愉悦感是美感的伴生物。美感与愉悦感是同时产生的两种情绪，但美感要高一个层次，而愉悦感更具有本能性。

人在旅游时，看见一些惊奇的风景，为什么会产生美感？因为人在旅游中，看见新的风景，从存在意义看，这是一种存在本能的扩张，不管是自然的本能，还是社会的本能，都是一种扩张。由于有扩张，从而为人的存在提供了更大意义，美感自然也就产生。

另外，在有的时候，人的自然形式的存在和社会形式的存在会产生冲突，在这种情况下，人们会根据自己的偏好选择放弃那一部分。有些人可能为了实现社会形式的存在而放弃自然形式的存在，有些人可能为了实现自然形式的存在而放弃社会形式的存在。

另外，还有局部存在和整体存在的区别。比如对人而言，嘴是一种局部存在，有些人为了满足口欲的美感，而丧失了身体的美感。这是一种局部存在对整体存在的一种侵蚀。

善为什么也是一种美，因为善为别人的存在提供了支撑意义，所以，自然人会对善有一种美感。

真也会成为一种美，因为真为存在提供了一种容易识别危害的情况，减少了存在对危害的识别成本，所以，真也能提供一种美感。

另外，不同的文化群体，其社会性存在的意义系统是有区别的。从而不同的文化群体，在满足社会性存在意义方面，可能存在不同的审美标准。但在自然性存在方面，关于审美标准或美感根源方面具有更多的统一性。观点仅供参考，好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's opinion 130: Alternative thinking on the root of aesthetic feeling

Plato attributed the root of aesthetic feeling to the idea, Aquinas attributed it to the mind, Shaftesbury attributed it to the modeling power of the heart, Hume believed that beauty is not in the external things but in the heart of man, and it is rooted in the specific structure of the human mind.In addition, Kant, Feuerbach, Chernyshevsky, Marx, Plekhanov and so on have analyzed the root of aesthetic feeling.Chinese scholars, such as Lv Ying and Li Zehou, have also put forward their own views.The following is different from the above views on the root of aesthetic feeling for your reference.I think that the root of aesthetic feeling is because some existence provides a meaning conducive to growth for the existence of the subject, so the subject feels beautiful to some existence.Why the subject feels beautiful to some existence that provides a meaning conducive to growth, which should be an instinctive choice of biological evolution.For human beings, there are mainly two forms of existence.One is the existence of natural form;the other is the existence of social form.A existence that satisfies the natural form of human existence mainly conforms to the characteristics of safety, comfort and conducive to growth.In Chinese characters, beauty is the size of sheep. Why is the size of sheep beautiful? Because the big sheep provides meaning for the natural existence of human beings. The larger the sheep is, the less likely the person will starve to death, and the more beautiful the sheep is.What beauty actually embodies here is a meaning that is conducive to survival or growth.An existence that satisfies the existence of human social forms mainly depends on whether it can bring about the promotion of social status, including the improvement of respect and the full realization of self-worth. In addition, the aesthetic law that satisfies the existence significance of human natural forms has different requirements from that that satisfies the existence of human social forms.Because the existence of human social forms has a close relationship with acquired practice.According to Freud's theory, the existence of human natural forms has two instincts at the subconscious level: the instinct of destruction and the instinct of growth.The instinct of destruction is outward, hoping that others will be destroyed, while the instinct of growth is inward, hoping that oneself will grow.Accordingly, the root of tragic aesthetics can be explained.The aesthetics of tragedy is because tragedy satisfies a kind of destruction instinct, which is a subconscious pleasure to the destruction of others' beauty.Because this destruction has not happened to him, he may produce aesthetic feelings. If the tragedy happens to him, the tragedy will never have aesthetic feelings for him.For him, the existence that conforms to his growth principles may bring aesthetic feelings. The aesthetics of burlesque lies in that the burlesque actors provide the audience with a sense of pleasure to satisfy the instinct of existence.Burlesque makes the audience feel that the existence of "I" is not funny, so that the audience's self-growth instinct can get a sense of superiority and achievement or sense of meaning through comparison.Because it is essential to realize the meaning of existence to satisfy desire, beauty is related to desire.When things go with desire, they will give people more aesthetic feelings. When things go against desire, they will give people more evil feelings.Pleasure is not the source of aesthetic feelings, but the accompaniment of aesthetic feelings.Aesthetic feelings and pleasure are two emotions produced at the same time, but aesthetic feelings are on a higher level, while pleasure is more instinctive.When people travel, they see some amazing scenery. Why do they have aesthetic feelings?Because people see new scenery when they travel. From the perspective of existence, this is an expansion of existence instinct, whether it is natural instinct or social instinct.Because of the expansion, it provides greater meaning for human existence, and aesthetic feelings are naturally generated. In addition, sometimes, there will be conflicts between the existence of human's natural form and the existence of human's social form. In this case, people will choose to give up that part according to their preferences. Some people may give up the existence of natural forms in order to achieve the existence of social forms, and some people may give up the existence of social forms in order to achieve the existence of natural forms. In addition, there is also the difference between local existence and overall existence.For example, for people, the mouth is a local existence. Some people lose the aesthetic feeling of the body in order to satisfy the aesthetic feeling of the mouth.This is a kind of erosion of local existence on the overall existence. Why is good also a kind of beauty? Because good provides support for the existence of others. Therefore, natural people have a aesthetic feeling towards good. Truth can also be a kind of beauty. Because truth provides a situation for existence to identify hazards easily, reducing the cost of existence to identify hazards. Therefore, truth can also provide a aesthetic feeling. In addition, different cultural groups have different meaning systems for social existence.Therefore, different cultural groups may have different aesthetic standards in meeting the meaning of social existence.But in terms of natural existence, there is more unity in terms of aesthetic standards or aesthetic roots.Opinions are for reference only. OK, thank you, thank you.