宋圭武观点27：中国未来三农问题的一个总框架设计

下面，本人提出一个关于中国未来三农问题的一个总的发展框架设计，供大家参考。

一、农业是一个更适合公有制的产业

这个我在前面的视频里已经说过，这儿再重复一下。第一，农业是一个低收益高风险的产业。第二，农业若成为高收益产业对社会也不合理。因为农产品是大众需求品，人人都要吃饭，而且人人天天都要吃饭。若一斤粮食100元，饭馆一碗面就需要300元，这会导致整个社会福利受损，尤其是低收入群体利益更受损。第三，农业产业具有一定的公共产品特征。第四，粮食跟核武器等一样，是一种重要的进行国际竞争的战略武器。第五，分散小农户经营农业，必然面临大概率大面积贫困问题。第六，对于一些农产品加工等农业延伸产业，如酿酒等产业，可以鼓励私营经济发展。

二、农业产业如何实行公有制

农业产业如何实行公有制，要立足国情选择公有制实现形式，这里既要考虑硬国情，还要考虑软国情。第一，从硬国情看，中国人多地少，城市带动乡村人口能力弱，客观需要建设劳动密集型合作形式。第二，从软国情看，中国农民善分不善合，靠农民自发合作难度大，且合作多不稳定，合作建设客观需要政府主导。为此，乡村农业生产组织可考虑多办一些新型集体农场或新型国营农场为公有制主要实现形式。

三、新型国营农场或新型集体农场如何建设和运转

在土地制度上，乡村土地分公田和私田两部分。一部分是自留地，是私田，农民有自主经营权；一部分是农场土地，是公田，农场有经营权。在农民自己庭院周围的土地，可划归为自留地，属私田，便于农民直接经营。离农户家庭住址较远的一些农村大田，以及一些撂荒地，可统一归集体或国家所有，属公田，实行农场统一经营模式。依据乡村普遍经济发展基础薄弱情况，农场农民工只能普遍实行低工资制。同时，农场职工参加各种保险，并可享受退休待遇。

国家在宏观管理上，对新型国营农场或新型集体农场实行半计划半市场管理体制。所谓半计划半市场，是说农场部分产品要有计划生产，部分产品可根据市场生产。

在农场产品流通上，可实行半统购半统销模式。这既是为了确保农场有稳定收益和职工有稳定收入，也是为了确保粮食安全。

在农场微观管理上，可实行半自治半行政模式。农业是一种特殊的产业，具有休闲松散特点，所以，农业的管理模式应符合农业产业的特点，这里既不能完全按行政的模式管理，也不能按完全自治的模式管理，应实行半自治半行政管理模式。具体，农场书记和场长，任命权掌握在上级组织手里，由上级组织考察任命。但否决权，掌握在农场职工手里。对不称职的农场书记和场长，农场职工可通过职工大会或党员大会投票罢免。农场一线职工实行半休闲半忙碌工作制度。在农闲时间，农场可允许一线职工外出打工。没有外出打工的，农场要多组织各种娱乐活动和各种学习活动。农场在主要产业选择上，要以种植粮食为主要产业。这是确保国家粮食安全的需要。在确保国家粮食安全的基础上，农场可多种经营。农场要以生产有机农产品为主。农场经营目标主要是确保粮食安全和防止大规模返贫。农场经营目标或考核农场效益，要以生产高质量粮食为主要任务或主要指标，经济收入指标可考虑以不亏损为底线，或实现薄利即可，重点要以确保两个底线为主要经营目标或主要考核目标。在农场管理上，为预防农场腐败，要严格限制农场盲目投资和基建。农场所有账目，要全面实行公开制，接受职工全面监督。

国家对农业的所有补贴，都可直接补贴到农场。农场可吸收大学生就业，也可安排部分乡镇人员或城乡富余人员进入农场工作。现有村干部和村委会，可全部并入新型集体农场或新型国营农场。包括一些合作社等，都可并入农场。农场可实行类似人民公社工、农、商、学、兵综合模式。

四、最终形成城乡适度二元体制模式

城乡体制要有一定区别，即城市是一元，农村是一元，但城乡差距不要太大，是适度二元。要在城市和乡村之间，设一个制度隔板，适度限制农村人口盲目流入城市。城市化水平一般不要超过50%较好，不然可能导致“城市病”与“农村病”并发。另外，对农村要实行产业保护政策，一些产业要限制城市进入，只准在农村发展。

五、正确看待人民公社问题

过去的人民公社，有问题，也有成绩，有缺点，也有优点。目前，农村改革，要借鉴其优点。中国农村发展，应实现否定之否定。

好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 27: A General Framework Design for China's Future Agriculture, Rural Areas and Farmers

Below, I put forward a general development framework design for China's future agriculture, rural areas and farmers for your reference.

I.Agriculture is a more suitable industry for public ownership

I have said this in the previous video, and I will repeat it here.First, agriculture is a low-yielding and high-risk industry.Second, it is unreasonable for agriculture to become a high-yielding industry.Because agricultural products are popular demand goods, everyone has to eat, and everyone has to eat every day.If 100 yuan is paid for one kilogram of grain, a bowl of noodles in a restaurant will cost 300 yuan, which will lead to the damage of the whole social welfare, especially the interests of low-income groups.Third, the agricultural industry has certain characteristics of public goods.Fourth, food, like nuclear weapons, is an important strategic weapon for international competition.Fifth, scattered small farmers operating agriculture, inevitably faces a large area of poverty.Sixth, for some agricultural products processing and other agricultural extension industries, such as wine making, the private economy can be encouraged.

II.How to implement public ownership in the agricultural industry

How to implement public ownership in the agricultural industry, we should choose the form of public ownership based on national conditions, which should consider both hard and soft national conditions. First, from the hard national conditions, the Chinese people are less land, the city to drive the rural population weak ability, the objective need to build labor-intensive cooperation form.Second, from the soft national conditions, Chinese farmers are good at dividing and not good at combining, it is difficult to rely on the farmers' spontaneous cooperation, and the cooperation is more unstable, the objective need for the construction of cooperation is the government.For this reason, rural agricultural production organizations can consider doing more new collective farms or new state-run farms as the main form of public ownership.

Three, how to build and operate new state-run farms or new collective farmsIn the land system, rural land is divided into two parts: public land and private land.One part is self-retained land, private land, farmers have the right to independent management;one part is farmland, public land, farms have the right to manage.The land around the farmers' own courtyard can be classified as self-retained land, private land, so that farmers can directly manage.Some rural fields far from the farmers' home address, as well as some abandoned land, can be unified into collective or state-owned, public land, the implementation of a unified farm management mode.According to the general weak foundation of rural economic development, the farm migrant workers can only generally implement a low wage system.At the same time, the farm workers participate in various insurances and can enjoy retirement benefits.In the macro management, the state implements a semi-planned and semi-market management system for new state-run farms or new collective farms. The so-called semi-planned and semi-market means that some products of the farm should be produced in a planned way and some products can be produced according to the market. In the circulation of farm products, the semi-monopoly purchase and sales mode can be implemented.This is not only to ensure that the farm has stable income and the staff has stable income, but also to ensure food security.In the micro management of the farm, the semi-autonomous and semi-administrative mode can be implemented.Agriculture is a special industry with the characteristics of leisure and looseness. Therefore, the management mode of agriculture should conform to the characteristics of the agricultural industry. Here, the management mode can neither be managed completely in accordance with the administrative mode nor be managed completely in accordance with the autonomous mode. The semi-autonomous and semi-administrative management mode should be implemented.Specifically, the appointment right of the farm secretary and the farm manager is in the hands of the higher organizations, which are inspected and appointed by the higher organizations.But the right of veto is in the hands of the farm workers.For the incompetent farm secretary and the farm manager, the farm workers can vote to remove them through the staff meeting or the party meeting.The farm front-line workers implement the semi-leisure and semi-busy work system.In the leisure time, the farm can allow the front-line workers to go out to work.For those who do not go out to work, the farm should organize more recreational activities and learning activities.In the selection of the main industry of the farm, the main industry should be grain planting.This is to ensure the national food security. On the basis of ensuring national food security, farms can be diversified.Farms should focus on producing organic agricultural products.The main objectives of farm operation are to ensure food security and prevent large-scale poverty.Farm operation objectives or assessment of farm benefits should take producing high-quality grain as the main task or index. Economic income index can be considered as the bottom line of no loss or small profits. The key is to ensure that the two bottom lines are the main operation objectives or main assessment objectives.In farm management, to prevent farm corruption, blind investment and infrastructure should be strictly limited.All accounts of farms should be fully open to the public and subject to the full supervision of employees.All subsidies for agriculture by the state can be directly subsidized to farms.Farms can absorb college graduates for employment, and can also arrange some township personnel or urban and rural wealthy people to work on farms.The existing village cadres and village committees can be fully integrated into the new collective farms or new state-run farms.Including some cooperatives, they can be integrated into farms.Farms can implement a comprehensive mode similar to that of people's communes in industries, agriculture, commerce, learning and military.

Four, the final formation of an appropriate dual urban and rural system model

The urban and rural system should be different, that is, the city is one and the countryside is one, but the urban and rural gap should not be too large, which is an appropriate dual system. We should set up an institutional barrier between cities and villages to moderately restrict the rural population from flowing into cities blindly.It is better that the level of urbanization should not exceed 50%, otherwise it may lead to the coexistence of urban and rural ills.In addition, we should implement an industrial protection policy for the countryside, restricting the entry of some industries into cities and allowing them to develop only in the countryside.

V. Correctly View the Issue of People's Communes

The people's communes in the past had problems and achievements, shortcomings and advantages.At present, the rural reform should draw on their advantages.The development of China's rural areas should achieve the negation of negation.OK, thank you, thank you.