宋圭武观点29：共同富裕是一个大问题

共同富裕是一个大问题，一定要高度重视。

共同富裕是一个经济大问题。促进共同富裕，是促进经济稳定增长的重要手段。有关研究表明，收入差距每缩小一个百分点，经济增长率会提高0.2个百分点。应对经济危机，提高低收入群体收入水平也是最直接有效手段。若扩张性经济政策，不能有效缩小贫富差距，这只会产生短期刺激经济效应。扩张性经济政策只有和缩小贫富差距效应有机结合起来，才能产生持久效应。另外，在贫富差距大的社会，也是一个容易导致经济危机的社会。因为经济系统本身是一个流动循环体，若存在薄弱环节，就容易在薄弱环节出现资金或产品流动的堵塞，而贫困群体往往就是容易导致经济流动性堵塞的薄弱环节（如美国的次贷危机，实质是在贫困群体环节发生了经济流动性堵塞）。

共同富裕是一个政治大问题。贫富差距大的社会，必然是一个政治不稳定的社会。从我国历史看，历次农民起义，改朝换代，贫富差距是重要变量。从国外情况看，一些发展中国家接连发生颜色革命，背后深层次原因还是贫富差距。贫富差距大，反映在政治上，必然是利益集团交锋激烈化，而贫困群体由于缺乏参与政治的资本，其政治行为会有冷漠化趋势，最终导致政治被大利益集团左右，在这种情况下，政治行为就很难有效体现正义原则。这又会进一步导致政治行为恶化，形成政治与发展的恶性循环。美国学者拉里·M·巴特尔斯在《不平等的民主》一书中通过大量的事实证明：贫困和不平等正在严重挫伤美国民主的平等主义理想，也严重损害了民主政治的合理化。

共同富裕是一个文化大问题。贫富差距会催生文化二元化，形成穷人文化和富人文化二元价值体系。同时，文化的神圣性会更多被世俗性所替代，文化本身更多成为一种谋取财富的手段。一些人为了跨越财富的鸿沟，各种机会主义文化就会受到鼓励，并且泛滥，如赌博、投机等一些冒险行为，就会更多被文化体系所认同。在这种情况下，文化会越来越包装化和空壳化，越来越成为物质内容的包装纸，而文化本身的真正精神价值功能会越来越弱。

共同富裕是一个环境大问题。贫富差距拉大既加剧了人与人之间的紧张关系，也加剧了人与自然环境之间的紧张关系。一些研究也表明，贫富差距大的社会，人们的环保意识更差。由于不注意环境保护和资源的可持续利用，最终让贫困地区发展陷入贫困的恶性循环。一方面，越贫困，环境保护压力越大；另一方面，环境保护越差，又导致贫困压力越大。联合国发布的《2013年人类发展报告》警告说，如果不对环境威胁采取紧急应对措施，那么到2050年全球处于极端贫困的人口数量可能增加多至30亿。

共同富裕是一个社会大问题。贫富差距大，会引发严重的社会问题。英国学者理查德·威尔金森等在《不平等的痛苦》一书指出：在贫富分化严重的情况下，一些研究表明，社会上人们的焦虑感就会上升；在不平等较严重的国家，毒品的使用情况更为严重；在不平等的国家中，凶杀率更高；在不平等程度较高的社会中，更多的人想成为主宰者，在较平等的社会中，更多的人比较宽容、同情他人；在收入差距较大的国家和美国各州，公众之间的信任水平也较低；贫富差距大的社会更具惩罚性，因为在社会等级中，人们会利用歧视和向下的成见来防止那些地位低于他们的人提高社会地位，同时，那些社会地位较低的人通过向比他们更弱势的群体发泄而试图赢得自己的社会地位，也就是产生所谓的自行车效应，即一个人骑在自行车上，对他的上级点头哈腰，同时一脚踩向他底下的人，即产生一种错位攻击。

好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 29: Common prosperity is a big issue

Common prosperity is a big issue, and we must attach great importance to it. Common prosperity is a big economic issue.Promoting common prosperity is an important means to promote stable economic growth.Studies show that each percentage point of narrowing the income gap will increase the economic growth rate by 0.2 percentage points.To deal with the economic crisis, increasing the income level of low-income groups is also the most direct and effective means.If the expansionary economic policy cannot effectively narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, it will only produce short-term stimulus effect.Only when the expansionary economic policy is organically combined with the effect of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor can it produce lasting effect. In addition, a society with a large gap between the rich and the poor is also a society that is easy to lead to economic crisis.Because the economic system itself is a flow circulation body, if there is a weak link, it is easy to block the flow of funds or products in the weak link, and the poor group is often the weak link that is easy to cause economic liquidity blockage (such as the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States, the essence is that economic liquidity blockage occurred in the poor group link). Common prosperity is a big political issue.A society with a large gap between the rich and the poor is necessarily a politically unstable society.From the perspective of our history, the gap between the rich and the poor is an important variable in all the peasant uprisings and the change of dynasties. Looking at the situation abroad, the color revolutions that have occurred in some developing countries in succession are still the deep-seated reasons behind the gap between the rich and the poor.The wide gap between the rich and the poor, reflected in politics, is bound to intensify the conflicts between interest groups. However, due to the lack of capital to participate in politics, the poor will tend to be apathy in their political behaviors, which will eventually lead to politics being influenced by the big interest groups. In this case, political behaviors are difficult to effectively embody the principle of justice.This will further lead to the deterioration of political behaviors and form a vicious cycle of politics and development.In his book "Democracy without Equality", American scholar Larry M. Battles proves through a large number of facts that poverty and inequality are seriously damaging the egalitarian ideal of American democracy and seriously damaging the rationalization of democratic politics.Common prosperity is a big cultural issue.The gap between the rich and the poor will give rise to cultural dualism, forming a dual value system of poor culture and rich culture.At the same time, the sanctity of culture will be replaced by secularity, and culture itself will become more of a means to seek wealth.In order to cross the wealth gap, various opportunistic cultures will be encouraged and spread, such as gambling, speculation and other risky behaviors, which will be more recognized by the cultural system. In this case, culture will become more and more packaged and empty shell, more and more becoming the packaging paper of material content, while the true spiritual value of culture itself will become weaker and weaker. Common prosperity is a big environmental problem.The widening gap between the rich and the poor has intensified the tension between people and the natural environment.Some studies also show that in societies with large gaps between the rich and the poor, people have a poorer awareness of environmental protection.Due to the lack of attention to environmental protection and sustainable use of resources, the development of poor areas will eventually be trapped in a vicious circle of poverty.On the one hand, the poorer they are, the greater the pressure on environmental protection;on the other hand, the poorer environmental protection, the greater the pressure of poverty.The 2013 Human Development Report released by the United Nations warns that if urgent measures are not taken to address environmental threats, the number of people living in extreme poverty worldwide may increase by as much as 3 billion by 2050. Common prosperity is a big social problem.A large gap between the rich and the poor will lead to serious social problems.British scholar Richard Wilkinson et al. pointed out in The Pain of Inequality that some studies show that in the case of a serious gap between the rich and the poor, people's sense of anxiety will increase;drug use is more serious in countries with higher inequality; In unequal countries, there are higher murder rates;in more unequal societies, more people want to be dominant, and in more equal societies, more people are tolerant and sympathetic to others;in countries and states with higher income inequality, there are lower levels of trust between the public;in a society with a large gap between rich and poor, there is more punishment, because in the social hierarchy, people will use discrimination and downward stereotyping to prevent those below them from moving up, and at the same time, those below them will try to win their social status by venting on those who are weaker than them, which is called the bicycle effect, which is a person riding a bicycle, bowing to his superiors, and stepping on the people under him, which is a dislocation attack. OK, thank you, thank you.