关于发展中人口大国三农如何发展的一个新发展框架探索

宋圭武

三农问题是发展中人口大国的根本问题和基础问题，是现代化的重中之重。

第一，农业如何强，应大力发展道德农业。发展农业要尊重生命成长规律。对生命要充满敬畏意识和关爱意识。要给动植物充足的自由生长空间。对动植物的生长过程不能太过保护。农业更多是一个慢活，不能人为追求速度和产量。在满足粮食安全的前提下，农业的水利化也要适度。农业机械化也要适度。这里关键是因为动植物是有生命的，是有灵性的，冷冰冰的机械对其生长总是缺乏温暖感和柔和感。要严禁化肥、农药、除草剂等在农业产业中的大量运用。对动植物在基因层次上改造要高度谨慎。一个生命，就是一个宇宙。要严格规范农业科学家的研究行为。要把生产有机农产品作为农业发展的主要目标。农业现代化，关键是农产品质量要提高，肉要更好吃，菜要更高质量，而不是农业工具现代化。发展农业一定要顺应自然，一定要尊重自然规律，这是农业新质生产力的灵魂。

第二，农业产业更适合公有制经营方式。农业产业实行公有制需要结合国情选择实现形式。对于一个发展中人口大国，国家在宏观管理上，对农业应探索实行半计划半市场管理体制，在农场产品流通上，应探索实行半统购半统销模式，在农业生产微观组织层面，应探索建设半自治半行政农场。其中农民变为农场职工，拿固定工资，工资水平确保维持基本生存需要。农场在主要产业选择上，要以种植粮食为主要产业。农场经营目标主要是确保国家粮食安全和防止大规模返贫，不要求农场以盈利为主要目标。

第三，农民如何富，农村需要适度发展非农产业。非农产业包括乡村旅游、地方小工业、庭院经济、劳务输出等。国家对农村非农产业发展要实行一定的保护政策，不然农村竞争不过城市。同时，也要注意农村非农产业和城市产业协调发展，不能成为互害模式。

第四，农村如何建设，最终应形成城乡适度二元经济社会体制。城乡在发展体制机制及建设上应有一定差别，二者在收入等方面也可有一定差距，但保持合理差距。

第五，发展中人口大国要注意预防依靠城市化解决三农问题的误区。发展中人口大国，要稳中求进推进城市化。要适度限制农村人口盲目流入城市，其中最主要是城市化水平要与城市稳定就业率高度挂钩。不然，农村和城市两头都得病，农村是空壳化，城市是贫民窟，城乡循环就无法有效实现。国内经济循环主要是城乡循环，城乡循环顺畅，经济就不会出现大的问题，经济稳定增长就有了良好基础。

第六，发展中人口大国现代化是一个长期过程，不能急躁，不能浪漫，不能鲁莽。除需要抓好三农自强这个重要基础外，还需要抓好精神自强基础和科技自强基础建设。三足鼎立，现代化高楼才能稳固。精神自强，关键是精神需要有充足敬畏意识、理性意识和诚信意识。科技自强，关键是国家要有较多世界领先的技术，尤其在军事领域，要有一些杀手锏技术。三个自强条件都是必要条件，缺一不可，其中精神自强更是一个长期过程。（作者：甘肃省委党校教授）

An Exploration of a New Development Framework for Agriculture in Developing Countries with Large Populations

Agriculture is the fundamental and foundation issue for developing countries with large populations, and is a top priority for modernization. First, how to make agriculture strong? We should vigorously develop moral agriculture. Developing agriculture should respect the growth laws of life. We should have a sense of reverence and care for life. We should give plants and animals sufficient freedom to grow. We should not overprotect the growth process of plants and animals. Agriculture is more of a slow job, and we cannot artificially pursue speed and output. We should moderately develop irrigation in agriculture under the premise of food security. We should also moderately develop agricultural mechanization. The key reason is that plants and animals are alive and have spirit. Cold and lifeless machines lack warmth and gentleness in their growth. We must strictly ban the extensive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides in the agricultural industry. We must be extremely cautious about genetic modification of plants at the molecular level. A life is a universe. We must strictly regulate the research behavior of agricultural scientists. We should make the production of organic agricultural products the main goal of agricultural development. Agricultural modernization is mainly about improving the quality of agricultural products, making meat tastier and vegetables of higher quality, rather than agricultural tool modernization. Development of agriculture must conform to nature and respect natural laws, which is the soul of the new quality of agricultural productivity. Second, agricultural industry is more suitable for public ownership. The implementation of public ownership in the agricultural industry requires choosing the form of realization in line with the national conditions. For a developing country with a large population, the state should explore a semi-planned and semi-market management system for agriculture at the macro level, and a semi-purchasing and semi-selling model for farm products circulation. At the micro level of agricultural production organization, it should explore the construction of semi-autonomous and semi-administrative farms. Among them, farmers become farm employees, receive fixed wages, and their wage level ensures meeting basic survival needs. The farm's main industry selection should be mainly planting crops. The farm's operating goal is mainly to ensure national food security and prevent large-scale poverty return, and it does not require the farm to prioritize profit as its main goal. Third, how can farmers become rich, and rural areas need moderate development of non-agricultural industries. Non-agricultural industries include rural tourism, local small industries, courtyard economy, and labor outsourcing, etc. The state should implement certain protection policies for the development of rural non-agricultural industries, otherwise rural areas cannot compete with cities. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the coordinated development of rural non-agricultural industries and urban industries, and not become a mutually harmful model. Fourth, how rural areas are developed should ultimately result in the formation of a moderately dual economic and social system between urban and rural areas. Urban and rural areas should have certain differences in development mechanisms and construction, and there can also be a certain gap in income, but maintain a reasonable gap. Fifth, developing countries with large populations should pay attention to preventing the misconception that urbanization can solve the three rural problems. Developing countries with large populations should steadily and prudently promote urbanization. It is necessary to moderately limit the blind flow of rural population into cities, of which the most important is that urbanization level should be highly linked with the stable employment rate in cities. Otherwise, both rural and urban areas will suffer from the disease, rural areas will become hollowed out, and urban areas will become slums, and the urban-rural cycle will not be effectively realized. The domestic economic cycle mainly involves the urban-rural cycle, and if the urban-rural cycle runs smoothly, there will be no major economic problems, and a solid foundation for stable economic growth will be in place. Sixth, the modernization of developing countries with large populations is a long-term process, and cannot be impatient, romantic, or rash. In addition to the need to grasp the important foundation of rural self-reliance, it is also necessary to grasp the foundation of spiritual self-reliance and scientific and technological self-reliance. With a three-legged stand, the high-rise of modernization can be stabilized. Spiritual self-reliance is crucial, with a sufficient sense of reverence, rationality, and integrity. Technological self-reliance is crucial, as the country needs to have more world-leading technologies, especially in the military field, with some killer technologies. All three conditions for self-reliance are necessary and indispensable, with spiritual self-reliance being a long-term process.