宋圭武观点95：社会科学命题成立与自然科学命题成立的差异

自然科学命题成立，往往是非对即错，即要么是A，要么是非A。但社会科学命题，则各种情况都有。

社会科学命题，其成立往往具有部分人群特征，即一个命题可能只对部分人成立，但对另一部分人可能不成立。

比如，有一种观点认为，影响一个人幸福度最大的因素是人际关系。这个命题的成立就具有部分特征，即，对部分人是成立的。但也存在许多例外情况。因为有些人并不看重人际关系。

再比如，收入水平与幸福度的关系，是正向关系，还是反向关系，还是先正向、后反向的关系，或者是其他关系，可能在实际生活中这几种情况都存在符合的部分人群。

一般判断一个社会科学命题的成立，只能从一般情况出发判断。即只要该命题符合62%以上的人群特征，该命题就不能否定。这里62%比例的确定，是以黄金分割比例为基础的。即只要符合人群的比例，超过黄金分割比例，该命题就算成立。

这里为什么社会科学命题往往具有部分人群特征，主要是因为影响社会科学命题成立的因素是复杂的。一是人性是多样的。有的人更趋恶，有的人更趋善。二是人的偏好是多样的。有的人喜欢旅游，有人喜欢安静，有的人喜欢吃辣的，有的人喜欢吃甜的，等等。三是文化是多元的。文化的多元性必然导致价值判断的多元性。四是制度是多元的。制度的多元性，必然导致同一行为在不同的制度体系中，会有不同的成本收益，这会导致不同人群会有不同的行为选择。五是经济基础是有差异的。经济基础的差异也会影响一个人的行为选择。六是人本身在各方面也是不断变化的。包括价值观等，都随人的阅历等各方面的变化而变化。七是利益因素。受利益因素制约，不同人群对同一命题必然会有不同价值判断。

面对这么多复杂的因素，这会导致关于社会科学的研究往往在自变量的选择上，是不可能全面的，只能根据个人看法选择，这会导致关于社会科学的命题往往不具有成立的绝对性前提，如此，其满足成立的范围多具有部分人群特征。另外，社会科学的自变量和因变量往往多是互为因果的，这会导致分析更复杂化。

当然，如果关于社会科学的命题能把所有自变量都包含进来，同时，若自变量和因变量不互为因果，同时，有正确的逻辑分析，则关于社会科学的命题也会具有成立的绝对性，不会具有成立的部分人群特征。

由于社会科学命题成立往往具有部分人群特征，所以，关于社会科学的命题，往往是多有争议的，没有争议的很少。如此，我们在讨论社会科学命题时，一是要切忌死钻牛角尖，需要全面辩证看问题，不然，就永远说不清。二是要尽可能脱离利益约束，要超脱客观一些看问题。三是要注意前提条件。好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 95: The Difference Between the Establishment of Social Science Propositions and the Establishment of Natural Science Propositions

The establishment of natural science propositions is often either right or wrong, that is, either A or non-A.But for social science propositions, there are various cases. The establishment of social science propositions often has the characteristics of some groups of people, that is, a proposition may only be true for some people, but may not be true for another part of the people.For example, there is a view that the biggest factor affecting a person's happiness is interpersonal relationship.The establishment of this proposition has the characteristics of some people, that is, it is true for some people.But there are many exceptions.Because some people do not value interpersonal relationship. For another example, the relationship between income level and happiness is a positive relationship, or a negative relationship, or a positive relationship first and a negative relationship later, or other relationships, which may be in line with some people in real life. Generally speaking, the establishment of a social science proposition can only be judged from the general situation.That is, as long as the proposition meets the characteristics of more than 62% of the population, the proposition can not be negated.The determination of 62% is based on the golden ratio.That is, as long as the proportion of people in line with the proportion of the golden ratio is greater than the proportion of the golden ratio, the proposition is established. Why social science propositions often have some population characteristics here is mainly because the factors that affect the establishment of social science propositions are complex. First, human nature is diverse. Some people are more evil, and some people are more good. Second, people's preferences are diverse. Some people like traveling, some people like quiet, some people like spicy food, and some people like sweet food, etc. Third, culture is diversified. The diversity of culture is bound to lead to the diversity of value judgment. Fourth, the system is diversified. The diversity of the system is bound to lead to the same behavior in different systems, there will be different costs and benefits, which will lead to different people have different behavior choices. Fifth, there are differences in economic basis. The differences in economic basis will also affect a person's behavior choice. Sixth, people themselves are constantly changing in all aspects. Including values, they change with the changes in people's experiences and other aspects. Seventh, interest factors. Subject to the constraints of interest factors, different people will inevitably have different value judgments on the same proposition. In the face of so many complex factors, this will lead to the study of social science often in the choice of independent variables, is impossible to comprehensive, can only choose according to personal views, this will lead to the proposition of social science often does not have the absolute premise of the establishment, so, its satisfaction of the scope of the establishment of more with the characteristics of some groups.In addition, the independent variable and dependent variable of social science are often mutual causation, which will lead to more complicated analysis.Of course, if the proposition of social science can include all the independent variables, at the same time, if the independent variable and dependent variable are not mutual causation, at the same time, there is a correct logical analysis, then the proposition of social science will also have the absolute establishment, will not have the characteristics of some groups.Because the establishment of social science propositions tend to have some population characteristics, so, about the proposition of social science, is often more controversial, there is little dispute.So, when we discuss the proposition of social science, one is to avoid drill into the corner, need to comprehensively dialectical view of the problem, otherwise, it will never be clear.Two is to leave the interests of the constraints as much as possible, to detach from the objective view of the problem.Three is to pay attention to the premise.OK, thank you, thank you.