关于宇宙的任何科学最终都逃脱不了循环论证的陷阱

第一，为什么关于宇宙的任何科学最终都逃脱不了循环论证的陷阱，因为宇宙本身就是循环，所以，任何关于宇宙的任何科学在逻辑上必然最终会陷入循环论证的陷阱。

比如，关于宇宙本源，就可以一直推下去，最终就是循环。比如，有的学者认为宇宙本源是某一种存在，比如是气，问题是气又如何产生，若假设是气，最终实际是气与宇宙的其他存在还是处于循环状态。一面是气变化成宇宙其他存在，一面是宇宙其他存在又变化为气。再比如，有人把宇宙本源归于一种粒子，这里该粒子与宇宙其他存在还是处于循环状态。

第二，数学和逻辑已经证明了自身无法摆脱循环论证的陷阱。建立在数学和逻辑基础上的科学，也自然无法摆脱循环论证陷阱的。数和形是可以转化的。数的运动规律，也是形的运动规律。逻辑的规律，也可以转化为形的规律。数学和逻辑无法摆脱循环论证陷阱，从另一个角度证明宇宙运动，实际也是循环。

第三，包含循环论证的理论体系仍然是可以称为科学的。这里一个包含循环论证的理论体系是否能称为科学，关键是要看该理论的结论是否与真实的宇宙很切合，只要有足够的切合度，该理论就是可以称为科学的。一个理论体系的结论，与宇宙真实的结论越切合，该理论体系应越具有科学性。也即一个理论体系的理论数值若与真实宇宙的实际数值误差越小，该理论应越具有科学性。

第四，一个好的理论体系，最多应只能包含一个循环论证。若一个理论体系，包含多个循环论证，这样的理论体系是缺乏科学性的，甚至有可能是伪科学。

第四，基于循环论，宇宙的本体必然是宇宙总体。宇宙循环的任何一个环节的存在，都不应成为宇宙的本体。

第五，基于循环论，万物必然平等，万物必然并育，宇宙万物实际是命运共同体。

第六，由于宇宙万物是命运共同体，所以，人类对宇宙的任何伤害，必然也是对人类的伤害。就如人的胳膊与大腿是命运共同体，对胳膊的伤害，必然也是对大腿的伤害。因为人缺了胳膊，大腿的负担也会加重。

第七，至于宇宙为什么会是循环，这是属于信仰的职能。人类要切忌自身的狂妄，科学不是万能的，科学也需要适可而止，越界的科学是伪科学。科学与信仰是互补的。科学有局限性，信仰也有局限性，二者互补共同为人类精神解困。人类不能把科学信仰化，人类也不能把信仰科学化。二者各有各的道。

第八，宇宙如何循环，可能遵循最小量原理。即以最小量的某种作用量实现循环。

第九，在循环规律的数量关系上，可能与黄金比数字有关联。

宋圭武2026年6月18日写于兰州

Any science about the universe ultimately cannot escape the trap of circular reasoning.

First, why any science about the universe inevitably falls into the trap of circular reasoning—because the universe itself is cyclical, so any scientific inquiry about it is logically bound to end up in a circular argument.

For instance, when it comes to the origin of the universe, one can keep tracing back indefinitely, ultimately arriving at a cycle. Some scholars argue that the origin is a certain kind of existence—say, qi (vital energy). But then the question arises: how did qi itself come into being? If we assume qi as the starting point, in reality, qi and all other existences in the universe remain in a cyclical state. On one hand, qi transforms into other forms of cosmic existence; on the other, those other existences transform back into qi. Similarly, if someone attributes the origin of the universe to a particular particle, that particle still remains part of a cycle with all other elements in the cosmos.

Second, mathematics and logic have proven themselves unable to escape the trap of circular reasoning. Science, built upon mathematics and logic, naturally cannot escape this same trap either. Numbers and forms are convertible; the laws governing numerical motion are also the laws governing form motion. Logical principles can likewise be transformed into principles of form. The fact that mathematics and logic cannot escape the trap of circular reasoning provides another perspective proving that the universe's motion is, in essence, cyclical.

Third, a theoretical system containing circular reasoning can still be considered scientific. The key to determining whether such a system qualifies as scientific lies in how closely its conclusions align with the actual universe. As long as there is sufficient alignment, the theory can be regarded as scientific. The closer a theoretical system's conclusions match those of the real universe, the more scientific it should be considered. In other words, the smaller the discrepancy between a theory's predicted values and the actual values observed in the universe, the more scientifically valid the theory should be.

Fourth, a good theoretical system should contain at most one circular argument. If a theoretical system includes multiple circular arguments, it lacks scientific validity and may even be pseudoscientific.

Fourth, according to the cyclical theory, the essence of the universe must necessarily be the totality of the universe. The existence of any single stage in the cosmic cycle should not become the essence of the universe.

Fifth, according to the theory of cycles, all things are necessarily equal and coexist in mutual development; thus, all beings in the universe actually form a community with a shared destiny.

Sixth, since all things in the universe are a community of shared destiny, any harm humans inflict on the universe will inevitably also harm humanity itself. Just as a person's arm and leg form a single, interdependent unit—harming one limb necessarily harms the other—because when an arm is lost, the burden on the leg increases.

Seventh, as for why the universe is cyclical, this falls within the domain of faith. Humanity must guard against arrogance; science is not omnipotent, and there are limits to scientific inquiry—science that oversteps these boundaries becomes pseudoscience. Science and faith complement each other. Both have their limitations, and together they help resolve the dilemmas of the human spirit. Humanity should not turn science into faith, nor should it transform faith into science. Each has its own path.

Eighth, the way the universe cycles may follow the principle of least action—achieving the cycle with the minimal amount of a certain action.

Ninth, in terms of the quantitative relationship of cyclical patterns, there may be an association with the golden ratio number.

Song Guiwu, written in Lanzhou on June 18, 2026